危险群与生物安全等级、操作规范及设备对照表
危险群
RISK GROUP |
生物安全等级
BIOSAFETY LEVEL |
实验室类型
LABORATORY TYPE |
实验室操作规范
LABORATORY PRACTICES |
安全设备
SAFETY EQUIPMENT |
第一级
1 |
第一等级
Biosafety Level 1 |
基础教学、研究
Basic teaching, research |
优良微生物学技术
GMT |
无,开放式工作台
None; open bench work |
第二级
2 |
第二等级
Biosafety Level 2 |
初级卫生服务、诊断服务、研究
Primary health services; diagnostic services, research |
优良微生物学技术加上防护衣、生物危害标志
GMT plus protective clothing, biohazard sign |
开放式工作台加上防止气雾外流之生物安全柜
Open bench plus BSC for potential aerosols |
第三级
3 |
第三等级
Biosafety Level 3 |
特殊诊断服务、研究
Special diagnostic services, research |
同第二等级加上特殊防护衣、进入管制及定向气流
As Level 2 plus special clothing, controlled access, directional airflow |
生物安全柜及(或)其他所有实验室工作所需要之基本装置
BSC and/or other primary devices for all activities |
第四级
4 |
第四等级
Biosafety Level 4 |
具危险性之病原体
Dangerous pathogen units |
同第三等级加上气密门、出口淋浴及废弃物之特殊处理
As Level 3 plus airlock entry, shower exit, special waste disposal |
三级生物安全柜或二级生物安全柜并穿着正压防护衣、双门高压蒸气灭菌器(穿墙式)及经过滤之空气
Class III BSC, or positive pressure suits in conjunction with Class II BSCs, double-ended autoclave (through the wall), filtered air |
病原微生物依其危险性为基础之分类
甲、第一级危险群(Risk group 1 , RG1)微生物
第一级危险群微生物与人类健康成人之疾病无关。例如不产生内孢子之Bacillus licheniformis, Escherichia coli-K12, adeno-associated virus第一型至第四型,及重组的不含潜在致癌基因产物或毒素之adeno-associated virus,且在无辅助病毒存在下进行培养。
乙、第二级危险群(Risk group 2 , RG2)微生物
第二级危险群微生物在人类所引起的疾病很少是严重的,而且通常有预防及治疗的方法。
(一)细菌包括披衣菌
1.Acinetobacter baumannii(以前称为Acinetobacter calcoaceticus)
2.Actinobacillus
3.Actinomyces pyogenes(以前称为Corynebacterium pyogenes)
4.Aeromonas hydrophila
5.Amycolata autotrophica
6.Archanobacterium haemolyticum(以前称为Corynebacterium haemolyticum)
7.Arizona hinshawii(所有血清型)
8.Bacillus anthracis
9.Bartonella henselae, B. quintana, B. vinsonii
10.Bordetella包括B. pertussis
11.Borrelia recurrentis, B. burgdorferi
12.Burkholderia(以前称为Pseudomonas species;列于第三级危险群者除外)
13.Campylobacter coli, C. fetus, C. jejuni
14.Chlamydia psittaci, C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae
15.Clostridium botulinum, Cl. chauvoei, Cl. haemolyticum, Cl. histolyticum, Cl. novyi, Cl. septicum, Cl. tetani
16.Corynebacterium diphtheriae, C. pseudotuberculosis, C. renale
17.Dermatophilus congolensis
18.Edwardsiella tarda
19.Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
20.Escherichia coli(所有肠致病力、肠致毒性、肠侵袭性及携带有K1抗原的菌株,包括E. coli O157:H7)
21.Haemophilus ducreyi, H. influenzae
22.Helicobacter pylori
23.Klebsiella(除K. oxytoca(RG1)以外之所有菌株)
24.Legionella包括L. pneumophila
25.Leptospira interrogans(所有血清型)
26.Listeria
27.Moraxella
28.Mycobacterium(除了列于第三级危险群者)包括M. avium complex, M. asiaticum, M. bovis BCG vaccine strain, M. chelonei, M. fortuitum, M. kansasii, M. leprae, M. malmoense, M. marinum, M. paratuberculosis, M. scrofulaceum, M. simiae, M. szulgai, M. ulcerans, M. xenopi
29.Mycoplasma(M. mycoides及 M. agalactiae除外)
30.Neisseria gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis
31.Nocardia asteroides, N. brasiliensis, N. otitidiscaviarum, N. transvaiensis
32.Rhodococcus equi
33.Salmonella包括S. arizonae, S. cholerasuis, S. enteritidis, S. gallinarum-pullorum, S. meleagridis, S. paratyphi, A, B, C, S. typhi, S. typhimurium
34.Shigella包括S. boydii, S. dysenteriae, type 1, S. flexneri, S. sonnei
35.Sphaerophorus necrophorus
36.Staphylococcus aureus
37.Streptobacillus moniliformis
38.Streptococcus包括S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes
39.Treponema pallidum, T. carateum
40.Vibrio cholerae, V. parahemolyticus, V. vulnificus
41.Yersinia enterocolitica
(二)真菌
1.Blastomyces dermatitidis
2.Cladosporium bantianum, C.(Xylohypha)trichoides
3.Cryptococcus neoformans
4.Dactylaria galopava(Ochroconis gallopavum)
5.Epidermophyton
6.Exophiala(Wangiella)dermatitidis
7.Fonsecaea pedrosoi
8.Microsporum
9.Paracoccidioides braziliensis
10.Penicillium marneffei
11.Sporothrix schenckii
12.Trichophyton
(三)寄生虫
1.Ancylostoma human hookworms包括A. duodenale, A. ceylanicum
2.Ascaris包括Ascaris lumbricoides suum
3.Babesia包括B. divergens, B. microti
4.Brugia filaria worms包括B. malayi, B. timori
5.Coccidia
6.Cryptosporidium包括C. parvum
7.Cysticercus cellulosae(hydatid cyst, larva of T. solium)
8.Echinococcus 包括E. granulosis, E. multilocularis, E. vogeli
9.Entamoeba histolytica
10.Enterobius
11.Fasciola包括F. gigantica, F. hepatica
12.Giardia包括G. lamblia
13.Heterophyes
14.Hymenolepis包括H. diminuta, H. nana
15.Isospora
16.Leishmania包括L. braziliensis, L. donovani, L. ethiopia, L. major, L. mexicana, L. peruvania, L. tropica
17.Loa loa filaria worms
18.Microsporidium
19.Naegleria fowleri
20.Necator human hookworms包括N. americanus
21.Onchocerca filaria worms包括O. volvulus
22.Plasmodium包括引起猿猴类疾病之P. cynomologi, P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale, P. vivax
23.Sarcocystis包括S. sui hominis
24.Schistosoma包括S. haematobium, S. intercalatum, S. japonicum, S. mansoni, S. mekongi
25.Strongyloides包括S. stercoralis
26.Taenia solium
27.Toxocara包括T. canis
28.Toxoplasma包括T. gondii
29.Trichinella spiralis
30.Trypanosoma包括T. brucei brucei, T. brucei gambiense, T. brucei rhodesiense, T. cruzi
31.Wuchereria bancrofti filaria worms
(四)病毒
1.Adenoviruses, human-all types
2.Arenaviruses
a. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus(non-neurotropic strains)
b. Tacaribe virus complex
c.其他被特别引述而列名之病毒
3.Bunyaviruses
a. Bunyamwera virus
b. Rift Valley fever virus vaccine strain MP-12
c.其他被特别引述而列名之病毒
4.Calciviruses
5.Coronaviruses(SARS-Associated Coronaviruses列于第三级危险群除外)
6.Flaviviruses(Togaviruses)- Group B Arboviruses
a.Dengue virus serotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4
b.Japanese encephalitis virus
c.Yellow fever virus vaccine strain 17D
d.其他被特别引述而列名之病毒
7.Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E viruses
8.Herpesviruses(Herpesvirus simiae(Monkey B virus)除外)
a. Cytomegalovirus
b. Epstein Barr virus
c. Herpes simplex types 1 and 2
d. Herpes zoster
e. Human herpesvirus types 6 and 7
9.Orthomyxoviruses
a. Influenza viruses types A, B, and C
b.其他被特别引述而列名之壁虱携带正黏液病毒
10.Papovaviruses
All human papilloma viruses
11.Paramyxoviruses
a. Newcastle disease virus
b. Measles virus
c. Mumps virus
d. Parainfluenza viruses types 1, 2, 3, and 4
e. Respiratory syncytial virus
12.Parvoviruses
Human parvovirus(B19)
13.Picornaviruses
a. Coxsackie viruses types A and B
b. Echoviruses-all types
c. Rhinoviruses-all types
14.Poxviruses (Monkeypox virus及被管制的Alastrim, Smallpox与Whitepox除外)
15.Reoviruses包括Coltivirus, human Rotavirus及Orbivirus(Colorado tick fever virus)
16.Rhabdoviruses
a. Rabies virus-all strains
b. Vesicular stomatitis virus-实验室调适的病毒株包括VSV-Indiana, San Juan及Glasgow
17.Togaviruses(参见Alphaviruses及Flaviviruses)
Rubivirus(rubella)
丙、第三级危险群(Risk group 3 , RG3)微生物
第三级危险群微生物在人类可以引起严重或致死的疾病,可能有预防及治疗之方法。
(一)细菌包括立克次氏菌
1.Bartonella
2.Brucella包括B. abortus, B. canis, B. suis
3.Burkholderia(Pseudomonas)mallei, B. pseudomallei
4.Coxiella burnetii
5.Francisella tularensis
6.Mycobacterium bovis(但BCG除外), M. tuberculosis
7.Pasteurella multocida type B - "buffalo" and other virulent strains
8.Rickettsia akari, R. australis, R. canada, R. conorii, R. prowazekii, R. rickettsii, R. siberica, R. tsutsugamushi, R. typhi(R. mooseri)
9.Yersinia pestis
(二)真菌
1.Coccidioides immitis(sporulating cultures;contaminated soil)
2.Histoplasma capsulatum, H. capsulatum var. duboisii
(三)寄生虫
无
(四)病毒与变性蛋白(Prions)
1.Alphaviruses(Togaviruses)- Group A Arboviruses
a. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus
b. Semliki Forest virus
c. St. Louis encephalitis virus
d.Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus(含TC-83疫苗株)
e. Western equine encephalomyelitis virus
f. 其他被特别引述而列名之病毒
2.Arenaviruses
a. Flexal
b. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus(LCM)(neurotropic strains)
3.Bunyaviruses
a. Hantaviruses包括Hantaan virus
b. Rift Valley fever virus
4.Coronaviruses
a. SARS-associated Coronaviruses (SARS-CoV)--相关实验操作必须严格遵照本守则附表八之规定
5.Flaviviruses(Togaviruses)- Group B Arboviruses
a.West Nile Virus
b.Yellow fever virus
c.其他被特别引述而列名之病毒
6.Picornaviruses
a. Polioviruses-all types, wild and attenuated
7.Poxviruses
Monkeypox virus
8.Prions
Transmissible spongioform encephalopathies(TSE)agents(Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease and kuru agents)
9.Retroviruses
a. Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)types 1 and 2
b. Human T cell lymphotropic virus(HTLV)types 1 and 2
c. Simian immunodeficiency virus(SIV)
10.Rhabdoviruses
Vesicular stomatitis virus
丁、第四级危险群(Risk group 4 , RG4)微生物
第四级危险群微生物在人类可以引起严重或致死的疾病,但通常无预防及治疗之方法。
(一)细菌
无
(二)真菌
无
(三)寄生虫
无
(四)病毒
1.Arenaviruses
a. Guanarito virus
b. Lassa virus
c. Junin virus
d. Machupo virus
e. Sabia
2.Bunyaviruses(Nairovirus)
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus
3.Filoviruses
a. Ebola virus
b. Marburg virus
4.Flaviruses(Togaviruses)- Group B Arboviruses
Tick-borne encephalitis virus complex包括Absetterov, Central European encephalitis, Hanzalova, Hypr, Kumlinge, Kyasanur Forest disease, Omsk hemorrhagic fever及Russian spring-summer encephalitis viruses
5.Herpesviruses(alpha)
Herpesvirus simiae(Herpes B或Monkey B virus)
6.Paramyxoviruses
Equine morbillivirus
7.Hemorrhagic fever agents and viruses as yet undefined
戊、通用的动物病原性病毒
下列实验室中常用的动物病原性病毒与健康成人之疾病无关。通常RG1级的防护等级即可。但对murine leukemia virus之amphotropic及xenotropic病毒株,建议于RG2级之防护等级下进行实验。
1.Baculoviruses
2.Herpesviruses
a. Herpesvirus ateles
b. Herpesvirus saimiri
c. Marek's disease virus
d. Murine cytomegalovirus
3.Papovaviruses
a. Bovine papilloma virus
b. Polyoma virus
c. Shope papilloma virus
d. Simian virus 40(SV40)
4.Retroviruses
a. Avian leukosis virus
b. Avian sarcoma virus
c. Bovine leukemia virus
d. Feline leukemia virus
e. Feline sarcoma virus
f. Gibbon leukemia virus
g. Mason-Pfizer monkey virus
h. Mouse mammary tumor virus
i. Murine leukemia virus
j. Murine sarcoma virus
k. Rat leukemia virus